Definition of the exposure indicator
The most appropiate exposure measurement for occupational noise is the A-weighted
to damage human hearing. most commonly used epidemiological measurement of exposure. Exposure is initially
asessing the burden of disease. exposure above and below cut-off values, rather than as a distribution. limits in developed (usually 85 dB(A)) and many developing (usually 90 dB(A))
countries for an 8-hour day (Hessel & Sluis-Cremer, 1987; Alidrisi et al., 1990;
Shaikh, 1996; Hernandez-Gaytan et al., 2000; Osibogun, Igweze & Adeniran, 2000;
Sriwattanatamma & Breysse, 2000; Ahmed et al., 2001):
− minimum noise exposure: <85 dB(A)
− moderately high noise exposure: 85−90 dB(A)
− high noise exposure: >90 dB(A).
4.2 Determining the distribution of exposure in the population
The most accurate assessments of health impacts at the national level are obtained
from local exposure data, since population exposure distributions can vary between
countries. The most commonly used methods to assess health impacts are:
− area surveys: noise levels are measured at different sites across an area, such as
− dosimetry: a person’s cumulative exposure to noise over a period of time is
measured with a dosimeter;
− engineering surveys: noise is measured using a range of instruments.
Ideally, representative data will be available on the average levels of occupational
noise for all major occupations within the country, either from the published scientific
literature or from other sources of data. If such data are not available,
epidemiological surveys can be carried out to determine the distribution of noise
exposure by occupation. distribution will have to be estimated from existing sources of information. A reasonable estimate of the exposure distribution can be obtained by extrapolating
from existing data for studies undertaken elsewhere, provided that the data are from
similar occupational environments. determinant of exposure level is worker occupation. Industry-specific studies in the
perceived hearing loss, and 90% of coal miners have hearing impairment by age 52
Also, it is estimated that 70% of male metal/nonmetal miners will have hearing
impairment by age 60 years (NIOSH, 1991). workplace-specific factors will also influence the level of exposure. These factors
whether there are engineering and work practice controls; and whether personal
protective devices are used and properly maintained. developed countries than in developing countries). extrapolations should be made from data for comparable occupations in comparable
countries.
The Global Burden of Disease study estimated exposure distributions using an
occupational category approach, modified to reflect the different noise exposures for
occupations in different economic subsectors. national level, using country data where available, or by extrapolating from data for
other studies if local data are not available.
The first step is to assess the proportion of workers in each occupational category that
is exposed to at least moderately high occupational noise levels (>85 dB(A)); see
Table 4). If these data are not available from national surveys, the distribution can be
based on the results of a large survey in the USA (DHHS, 1986; NIOSH, 1998). For each occupational category, the proportion of production workers exposed to high
noise levels (i.e. >90 dB(A)) is estimated from a survey of over 9 million production
workers in the USA carried out by the USA Occupational Safety and Health
Administration in 1981 (cited in NIOSH 1991; DHHS, 1986). shown in bold font in Table 4. Of the 6 063 000 production workers with exposures
at or above 85 dB(A), 3 407 000 (or 56%) were exposed to noise levels above 90
dB(A). We therefore estimate that among production workers exposed at or above 85
dB(A), half were exposed at 85–90 dB(A), and half were exposed at >90 dB(A).
Exposures in the remaining occupational categories and economic subsectors are
estimated either by extrapolation from the most relevant subsector of the survey of
production workers (figures shown in italics in Table 4), or by expert judgement
the agricultural workers and sales and service workers exposed at or above 85 dB(A),
approximately 70% are exposed at 85–90 dB(A), and 30% at >90 dB(A). All
professional, administrative, and clerical workers with noise exposure at or above 85
dB(A) are assumed to be in the 85–90 dB(A) exposure level.
the country in which the assessment is undertaken. In developing countries, because
hearing conservation programmes are rare, the global assessment assumed that only
5% of the production workers would be exposed at the 85–90 dB(A) level, and 95%
would be exposed at the >90 dB(A) level. exposed at or above 85 dB(A) are assigned to the 85–90 dB(A) level, because
mechanization is not widespread in countries in WHO developing subregions (e.g.
The second step consists of defining the proportions of workers in each economic
subsector, by occupational category. These data may be available from national
proportion of workers in each occupation is multiplied by the proportion of workers in
the occupation exposed to moderately high, or high, noise levels). proportion of the working population in each economic subsector is determined by
gender. In the fifth step, these values are multiplied by the proportion of workers in
the occupational category exposed to the specific noise level. calculations is performed for all economic subsectors, and the results summed to give
the proportion of the total working population that is exposed at each noise level.
work, by defining the proportion of the working-age population that is currently
employed. the working-age population. Finally, the overall population exposure is given by
multiplying the proportion of the working population exposed at each exposure level,
by the proportion of the total population in work.
Table 5 summarizes these steps and the sources of data necessary to complete them,
and gives example calculations for the proportion of the male working-age population
in the USA that is exposed to moderately high noise levels. assessment of the exposure distribution, the calculations would be repeated for
exposure to high noise levels, and for females as well as males. Estimates for the prevalence of noise exposure, determined using the described
The figures assume there are equal employment rates
in all age groups of the working-age population.
readmore»
Saturday, April 24, 2010
Occupational noise
1. Introduction
Physically, there is no difference between sound and noise. Sound is a sensory
perception and noise corresponds to undesired sound. By extension, noise is any
unwarranted disturbance within a useful frequency band (NIOSH, 1991). Noise is
present in every human activity, and when assessing its impact on human well-being
it is usually classified either as occupational noise (i.e. noise in the workplace), or as
environmental noise, which includes noise in all other settings, whether at the
community, residential, or domestic level (e.g. traffic, playgrounds, sports, music).
This guide concerns only occupational noise; the health effects of environmental noise
are covered in a separate publication (de Hollander et al., 2004).
High levels of occupational noise remain a problem in all regions of the world. exposed to hazardous noise (NIOSH, 1998). (12−15% of the workforce) are exposed to noise levels defined as hazardous by WHO
Although noise is associated with almost every work activity, some
activities are associated with particularly high levels of noise, the most important of
flying commercial jets. Occupations at highest risk for NIHL include those in
manufacturing, transportation, mining, construction, agriculture and the military.
The situation is improving in developed countries, as more widespread appreciation of
Data for developing
countries are scarce, but available evidence suggests that average noise levels are well
above the occupational level recommended in many developed nations (Suter, 2000;
The average noise levels in developing countries may be
There are therefore several reasons to assess the burden of disease from occupational
noise at country or subnational levels. Occupational noise is a widespread risk factor,
with a strong evidence base linking it to an important health outcome (hearing loss).
It is also distinct from environmental noise, in that it is by definition associated with
An assessment of the burden of disease associated with occupational noise can help
guide policy and focus research on this problem. occupational noise (WHO/FIOH, 2001).
2. The risk factor and its health outcomes
2.1 Measuring noise levels
There are a variety of metrics for quantifying noise levels, the most useful of which
for measuring sound as a health hazard is described in de Hollander et al. (2004). In
account for the sensitivity of people to noise. These corrections depend on the noise
frequency and characteristics (impulse, intermittent or continuous noise levels), and
the source of noise. The following measures are most relevant for assessing
occupational noise levels.
Sound pressure level. The sound pressure level (L) is a measure of the air vibrations
that make up sound. Because the human ear can detect a wide range of sound
pressure levels (from 20 μPa to 200 Pa), they are measured on a logarithmic scale
with units of decibels (dB) to indicate the loudness of a sound.
Sound level. frequencies. To account for the perceived loudness of a sound, a spectral sensitivity
factor is used to weight the sound pressure level at different frequencies (A-filter).
These A-weighted sound pressure levels are expressed in units of dB(A).
Equivalent sound levels. When sound levels fluctuate in time, which is often the case
for occupational noise, the equivalent sound level is determined over a specific time
period. In this guide, the A-weighted sound level is averaged over a period of time
A common exposure period, T, in occupational
studies and regulations is 8 h, and the parameter is designated by the symbol, LAeq,8h.
2.2 Disease outcomes related to the risk factor
In general, the health consequences of a given level of occupational noise are likely to
review has therefore been carried out of all well-designed epidemiological studies that
link occupational noise exposure to health outcomes, regardless of where the study
The review of the literature indicates that noise has a series of health effects, in
addition to hearing impairment (Table 1). with noise in the workplace. Other consequences of workplace noise, such as
annoyance, hypertension, disturbance of psychosocial well-being, and psychiatric
disorders have also been described (de Hollander et al., 2004).
For occupational noise, the best characterized health outcome is hearing impairment.
The first effects of exposure to excess noise are typically an increase in the threshold
of hearing (threshold shift), as assessed by audiometry. hearing thresholds of an average 10 dB or more at 2000, 3000 and 4000 Hz in either
ear (poorer hearing) (NIOSH, 1998). NIHL is measured by comparing the threshold
of hearing at a specified frequency with a specified standard of normal hearing, and is
reported in units of decibel hearing loss (dBHL).
Threshold shift is the precursor of NIHL, the main outcome of occupational noise. It
accompanied by tinnitus. Because hearing impairment is usually gradual, the affected
worker will not notice changes in hearing ability until a large threshold shift has
occurred. Noise-induced hearing impairment occurs predominantly at higher
frequencies (3000−6000 Hz), with the largest effect at 4000 Hz. increases in severity with continued exposure.
− social isolation;
− impaired communication with coworkers and family;
− decreased ability to monitor the work environment (warning signals, equipment
sounds);
− increased injuries from impaired communication and isolation;
− anxiety, irritability, decreased self-esteem;
− lost productivity;
− expenses for workers’ compensation and hearing aids.
2.3 The strength of the evidence for disease outcomes
The mechanisms linking occupational noise to the health outcomes described in the
countries or regions. strength of relationships, other studies are usually relevant for assessing the strength
of evidence for causality.
Evidence is usually assessed on the grounds of biological plausibility, strength and
consistency of association, independence of confounding variables and reversibility
(Hill, 1965). psychosocial well-being, psychiatric disorders, and effects on performance are
plausible outcomes, but are only weakly supported by epidemiological evidence.
Other plausible outcomes include biochemical effects, immune system effects, and
birth-weight effects, but again there is limited evidence to support these outcomes.
There is stronger evidence of noise-based annoyance, defined as “a feeling of
resentment, displeasure, discomfort, dissatisfaction or offence which occurs when
noise interferes with someone’s thoughts, feelings or daily activities” (Passchier-
Vermeer, 1993). Noise annoyance is always assessed at the level of populations,
There is consistent evidence for annoyance in populations
about 42 dB(A). doubt that annoyance from noise adversely affects human well-being.
A recent meta-analysis reviewed the effects of occupational and environmental noise
on a variety of cardiovascular risks, including hypertension, use of anti-hypertension
drugs, consultation with a general practitioner or specialist, use of cardiovascular
medicines, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction and prevalence of ischaemic heart
disease (van Kempen et al., 2002). The analysis showed an association with
hypertension, but only limited evidence for an association with the other health
outcomes. Reasons for the limited evidence included methodological weaknesses,
such as poor (retrospective) exposure assessment, poorly controlled confounding
variables, and selection bias (such as the “healthy worker” effect, where the studied
work through disability). individual studies, and summary relative risks were statistically significant in only a
limited number of cases. Overall, the causal link is plausible, and the meta-analysis
provides support for further investigation of cardiovascular effects in the future.
the meta-analysis. Global Burden of Disease study, and methods for estimating the cardiovascular
effects of noise were not defined (Concha-Barrientos et al., 2004). This guide does
not therefore provide information for assessing the cardiovascular effects of noise at
national or local levels. the physical properties of noise and damage to the hearing system). supported by epidemiological studies that compared the prevalence of hearing loss in
different categories of occupations, or in particularly noisy occupations (e.g. Arndt et
al., 1996; Waitzman & Smith, 1998; Hessel, 2000; Palmer, Pannett & Griffin, 2001).
The studies showed a strong association between occupational noise and NIHL, an
effect that increased with the duration and magnitude of the noise exposure. For
example, the risk for “blue-collar” construction workers was 2 to >3.5-fold greater
(Table 2). exposure to vibrations, ototoxic drugs and some chemicals, the association with
occupational noise remains robust after accounting for these influences. epidemiological evidence for an effect of high levels of occupational exposure on
hearing loss in unborn children (e.g. Lalande, Hetu & Lambert, 1986), but there was
Global Burden of Disease study, and it is not covered further in this guide.
3.4 Health outcomes to include in the burden of disease assessment
The selection of a health outcome should be made principally on the strength of the
evidence of causality and on the availability of information for quantifying health
impacts. It is also important that the health outcome has been assessed within the
study population, or can reasonably be extrapolated from other populations. several possible sources for health statistics, including national health statistics, a
national burden of disease study, or “prior estimates” provided by WHO. More
(Prüss-Üstün et al., 2003).
Depending on the aim of the study, it may be preferable to assess disease burden in
terms of attributable disease incidence, or overall disease burden, using summary
measures of population health such as DALYs (Murray, Salomon & Mathers, 2000).
with the health burden from other risk factors. A goal of burden of disease
assessments is to maximize the compatibility of frameworks for assessing the burden
of disease for risk factors. associated with each disease.
health outcomes often assessed in national health statistics and as part of WHO
burden of disease assessments. se. Should annoyance cause other health outcomes, such as hypertension and
associated cardiovascular disease, then other outcomes could be considered. comparative disability weights independently, to take them from other studies (e.g. de
Hollander et al., 2004), or to extrapolate them from similar health outcomes. You
should be aware that an independent assessment of the severity of such outcomes
introduces additional uncertainty when the results are compared with other risk factors
This guide follows the previous global assessment of occupational noise, in that only
the effects of occupational noise on NIHL are assessed. Several definitions of hearing
impairment are available in the literature. In the occupational setting, hearing
impairment is generally defined as “ a binaural pure-tone average for the frequencies
Sriwattanatamma & Breysse, 2000). correspond to the WHO definition of disabling hearing loss (i.e. with an associated
disability weight, and corresponding to a quantifiable burden of disease). This level
of hearing impairment is defined as “permanent unaided hearing threshold level for
4000 kHz” (Table 3). prevalence of hearing loss that corresponds to the WHO definition, as it is preferable
for burden of disease assessments. procedure is supported by large epidemiological studies, and should therefore
readmore»
Physically, there is no difference between sound and noise. Sound is a sensory
perception and noise corresponds to undesired sound. By extension, noise is any
unwarranted disturbance within a useful frequency band (NIOSH, 1991). Noise is
present in every human activity, and when assessing its impact on human well-being
it is usually classified either as occupational noise (i.e. noise in the workplace), or as
environmental noise, which includes noise in all other settings, whether at the
community, residential, or domestic level (e.g. traffic, playgrounds, sports, music).
This guide concerns only occupational noise; the health effects of environmental noise
are covered in a separate publication (de Hollander et al., 2004).
High levels of occupational noise remain a problem in all regions of the world. exposed to hazardous noise (NIOSH, 1998). (12−15% of the workforce) are exposed to noise levels defined as hazardous by WHO
Although noise is associated with almost every work activity, some
activities are associated with particularly high levels of noise, the most important of
flying commercial jets. Occupations at highest risk for NIHL include those in
manufacturing, transportation, mining, construction, agriculture and the military.
The situation is improving in developed countries, as more widespread appreciation of
Data for developing
countries are scarce, but available evidence suggests that average noise levels are well
above the occupational level recommended in many developed nations (Suter, 2000;
The average noise levels in developing countries may be
There are therefore several reasons to assess the burden of disease from occupational
noise at country or subnational levels. Occupational noise is a widespread risk factor,
with a strong evidence base linking it to an important health outcome (hearing loss).
It is also distinct from environmental noise, in that it is by definition associated with
An assessment of the burden of disease associated with occupational noise can help
guide policy and focus research on this problem. occupational noise (WHO/FIOH, 2001).
2. The risk factor and its health outcomes
2.1 Measuring noise levels
There are a variety of metrics for quantifying noise levels, the most useful of which
for measuring sound as a health hazard is described in de Hollander et al. (2004). In
account for the sensitivity of people to noise. These corrections depend on the noise
frequency and characteristics (impulse, intermittent or continuous noise levels), and
the source of noise. The following measures are most relevant for assessing
occupational noise levels.
Sound pressure level. The sound pressure level (L) is a measure of the air vibrations
that make up sound. Because the human ear can detect a wide range of sound
pressure levels (from 20 μPa to 200 Pa), they are measured on a logarithmic scale
with units of decibels (dB) to indicate the loudness of a sound.
Sound level. frequencies. To account for the perceived loudness of a sound, a spectral sensitivity
factor is used to weight the sound pressure level at different frequencies (A-filter).
These A-weighted sound pressure levels are expressed in units of dB(A).
Equivalent sound levels. When sound levels fluctuate in time, which is often the case
for occupational noise, the equivalent sound level is determined over a specific time
period. In this guide, the A-weighted sound level is averaged over a period of time
A common exposure period, T, in occupational
studies and regulations is 8 h, and the parameter is designated by the symbol, LAeq,8h.
2.2 Disease outcomes related to the risk factor
In general, the health consequences of a given level of occupational noise are likely to
review has therefore been carried out of all well-designed epidemiological studies that
link occupational noise exposure to health outcomes, regardless of where the study
The review of the literature indicates that noise has a series of health effects, in
addition to hearing impairment (Table 1). with noise in the workplace. Other consequences of workplace noise, such as
annoyance, hypertension, disturbance of psychosocial well-being, and psychiatric
disorders have also been described (de Hollander et al., 2004).
For occupational noise, the best characterized health outcome is hearing impairment.
The first effects of exposure to excess noise are typically an increase in the threshold
of hearing (threshold shift), as assessed by audiometry. hearing thresholds of an average 10 dB or more at 2000, 3000 and 4000 Hz in either
ear (poorer hearing) (NIOSH, 1998). NIHL is measured by comparing the threshold
of hearing at a specified frequency with a specified standard of normal hearing, and is
reported in units of decibel hearing loss (dBHL).
Threshold shift is the precursor of NIHL, the main outcome of occupational noise. It
accompanied by tinnitus. Because hearing impairment is usually gradual, the affected
worker will not notice changes in hearing ability until a large threshold shift has
occurred. Noise-induced hearing impairment occurs predominantly at higher
frequencies (3000−6000 Hz), with the largest effect at 4000 Hz. increases in severity with continued exposure.
− social isolation;
− impaired communication with coworkers and family;
− decreased ability to monitor the work environment (warning signals, equipment
sounds);
− increased injuries from impaired communication and isolation;
− anxiety, irritability, decreased self-esteem;
− lost productivity;
− expenses for workers’ compensation and hearing aids.
2.3 The strength of the evidence for disease outcomes
The mechanisms linking occupational noise to the health outcomes described in the
countries or regions. strength of relationships, other studies are usually relevant for assessing the strength
of evidence for causality.
Evidence is usually assessed on the grounds of biological plausibility, strength and
consistency of association, independence of confounding variables and reversibility
(Hill, 1965). psychosocial well-being, psychiatric disorders, and effects on performance are
plausible outcomes, but are only weakly supported by epidemiological evidence.
Other plausible outcomes include biochemical effects, immune system effects, and
birth-weight effects, but again there is limited evidence to support these outcomes.
There is stronger evidence of noise-based annoyance, defined as “a feeling of
resentment, displeasure, discomfort, dissatisfaction or offence which occurs when
noise interferes with someone’s thoughts, feelings or daily activities” (Passchier-
Vermeer, 1993). Noise annoyance is always assessed at the level of populations,
There is consistent evidence for annoyance in populations
about 42 dB(A). doubt that annoyance from noise adversely affects human well-being.
A recent meta-analysis reviewed the effects of occupational and environmental noise
on a variety of cardiovascular risks, including hypertension, use of anti-hypertension
drugs, consultation with a general practitioner or specialist, use of cardiovascular
medicines, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction and prevalence of ischaemic heart
disease (van Kempen et al., 2002). The analysis showed an association with
hypertension, but only limited evidence for an association with the other health
outcomes. Reasons for the limited evidence included methodological weaknesses,
such as poor (retrospective) exposure assessment, poorly controlled confounding
variables, and selection bias (such as the “healthy worker” effect, where the studied
work through disability). individual studies, and summary relative risks were statistically significant in only a
limited number of cases. Overall, the causal link is plausible, and the meta-analysis
provides support for further investigation of cardiovascular effects in the future.
the meta-analysis. Global Burden of Disease study, and methods for estimating the cardiovascular
effects of noise were not defined (Concha-Barrientos et al., 2004). This guide does
not therefore provide information for assessing the cardiovascular effects of noise at
national or local levels. the physical properties of noise and damage to the hearing system). supported by epidemiological studies that compared the prevalence of hearing loss in
different categories of occupations, or in particularly noisy occupations (e.g. Arndt et
al., 1996; Waitzman & Smith, 1998; Hessel, 2000; Palmer, Pannett & Griffin, 2001).
The studies showed a strong association between occupational noise and NIHL, an
effect that increased with the duration and magnitude of the noise exposure. For
example, the risk for “blue-collar” construction workers was 2 to >3.5-fold greater
(Table 2). exposure to vibrations, ototoxic drugs and some chemicals, the association with
occupational noise remains robust after accounting for these influences. epidemiological evidence for an effect of high levels of occupational exposure on
hearing loss in unborn children (e.g. Lalande, Hetu & Lambert, 1986), but there was
Global Burden of Disease study, and it is not covered further in this guide.
3.4 Health outcomes to include in the burden of disease assessment
The selection of a health outcome should be made principally on the strength of the
evidence of causality and on the availability of information for quantifying health
impacts. It is also important that the health outcome has been assessed within the
study population, or can reasonably be extrapolated from other populations. several possible sources for health statistics, including national health statistics, a
national burden of disease study, or “prior estimates” provided by WHO. More
(Prüss-Üstün et al., 2003).
Depending on the aim of the study, it may be preferable to assess disease burden in
terms of attributable disease incidence, or overall disease burden, using summary
measures of population health such as DALYs (Murray, Salomon & Mathers, 2000).
with the health burden from other risk factors. A goal of burden of disease
assessments is to maximize the compatibility of frameworks for assessing the burden
of disease for risk factors. associated with each disease.
health outcomes often assessed in national health statistics and as part of WHO
burden of disease assessments. se. Should annoyance cause other health outcomes, such as hypertension and
associated cardiovascular disease, then other outcomes could be considered. comparative disability weights independently, to take them from other studies (e.g. de
Hollander et al., 2004), or to extrapolate them from similar health outcomes. You
should be aware that an independent assessment of the severity of such outcomes
introduces additional uncertainty when the results are compared with other risk factors
This guide follows the previous global assessment of occupational noise, in that only
the effects of occupational noise on NIHL are assessed. Several definitions of hearing
impairment are available in the literature. In the occupational setting, hearing
impairment is generally defined as “ a binaural pure-tone average for the frequencies
Sriwattanatamma & Breysse, 2000). correspond to the WHO definition of disabling hearing loss (i.e. with an associated
disability weight, and corresponding to a quantifiable burden of disease). This level
of hearing impairment is defined as “permanent unaided hearing threshold level for
4000 kHz” (Table 3). prevalence of hearing loss that corresponds to the WHO definition, as it is preferable
for burden of disease assessments. procedure is supported by large epidemiological studies, and should therefore
readmore»
Friday, April 16, 2010
Environmental Health & Safety
Purpose:
The purpose of this procedure is to define and document the process and primary agenda of issues to be included in the "EMS Management Review" meetings for WSU.
The "EMS Management Review" process is intended to provide a forum for discussion and improvement of the EMS. At least once a year, WSU's top environmental management shall review the EMS to ensure its continuing suitability, adequacy and effectiveness. The management review process shall ensure that the necessary information is collected to allow management to carry out this evaluation. The review shall be documented.
The management review shall address the possible need for changes to policy, objectives and other elements of the environmental management system, in light of environmental management system audit results, changing circumstances and the commitment to continual improvement.
Procedure:
The Director of EH&S is responsible for scheduling and conducting a minimum of one "EMS Management Review" meeting a year. This meeting must be conducted between the Director of EH&S and the Vice President of Business Affairs. The Director of EH&S needs to provide following information for the meeting:
Progress at meeting objectives and targets
Any changes to objectives and targets
Any changes to Aspect list
Summary results of internal audit and external audits conducted since the last "EMS Management Review" meeting
Resource use and resource needs
Summary of benefits of EMS system versus costs of the system
At a minimum, each "EMS Management Review" meeting will consider the following:
The suitability, adequacy and effectiveness of the Environmental Policy
The suitability, adequacy and effectiveness of the environmental objectives (as well as WSU's current status against these objectives)
The overall suitability, adequacy and effectiveness of the EMS
The results of action items from the previous "EMS Management Review" meeting
Recommended changes to the EMS to ensure continual improvement
Output from the meeting:
Meeting minutes and list of attendees
Summary of key issues discussed
Summary of decisions including any: action plan changes to strategic plan, changes to procedures and policy, budget and resource reallocation, changes to objective and targets, and action items arising from the meeting
Feedback to faculty, staff, students and public: A copy of the meeting minutes will be distributed to attendees and any individuals assigned action items.
readmore»
The purpose of this procedure is to define and document the process and primary agenda of issues to be included in the "EMS Management Review" meetings for WSU.
The "EMS Management Review" process is intended to provide a forum for discussion and improvement of the EMS. At least once a year, WSU's top environmental management shall review the EMS to ensure its continuing suitability, adequacy and effectiveness. The management review process shall ensure that the necessary information is collected to allow management to carry out this evaluation. The review shall be documented.
The management review shall address the possible need for changes to policy, objectives and other elements of the environmental management system, in light of environmental management system audit results, changing circumstances and the commitment to continual improvement.
Procedure:
The Director of EH&S is responsible for scheduling and conducting a minimum of one "EMS Management Review" meeting a year. This meeting must be conducted between the Director of EH&S and the Vice President of Business Affairs. The Director of EH&S needs to provide following information for the meeting:
Progress at meeting objectives and targets
Any changes to objectives and targets
Any changes to Aspect list
Summary results of internal audit and external audits conducted since the last "EMS Management Review" meeting
Resource use and resource needs
Summary of benefits of EMS system versus costs of the system
At a minimum, each "EMS Management Review" meeting will consider the following:
The suitability, adequacy and effectiveness of the Environmental Policy
The suitability, adequacy and effectiveness of the environmental objectives (as well as WSU's current status against these objectives)
The overall suitability, adequacy and effectiveness of the EMS
The results of action items from the previous "EMS Management Review" meeting
Recommended changes to the EMS to ensure continual improvement
Output from the meeting:
Meeting minutes and list of attendees
Summary of key issues discussed
Summary of decisions including any: action plan changes to strategic plan, changes to procedures and policy, budget and resource reallocation, changes to objective and targets, and action items arising from the meeting
Feedback to faculty, staff, students and public: A copy of the meeting minutes will be distributed to attendees and any individuals assigned action items.
readmore»
Thursday, April 15, 2010
Health and safety representatives
Your employer has a duty to consult all staff about health and safety issues in the workplace. They do this by either talking direct to employees or to a safety representative acting on behalf of the employees.
Rights and functions of safety representatives
If your employer recognises a trade union and the union has appointed a safety representative (rep), your employer must consult the safety rep.
If there is no recognised union, your employer must either consult you direct or, if a representative of employee safety (ROES) has been elected, consult the ROES.
Safety reps have certain rights and functions including the legal right to:
represent workers in talks with the employer or the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) or other safety or environmental enforcement agencies
investigate complaints, possible hazards and dangerous incidents
carry out regular inspections of the workplace
take part in workplace risk assessments
A ROES functions include:
representing the interests of workers to the employer in consultation with the HSE and other safety or environmental enforcement agencies
speaking to the employer about hazards at work and other health and safety issues
Employer's duty to consult on health and safety
Your employer has a legal duty to:
consult about anything that may affect health and safety in the workplace
give you, if you are being consulted directly, or your safety rep or ROES, the chance to state their views
Your employer must consult on:
changes in working practices or procedures that could affect your health and safety
arrangements for using competent people to help the business comply with health and safety legislation
information to be made available on health and safety risks in the workplace
planning of health and safety training
health and safety issues with new technology
Employers' health and safety responsibilities
Are you protected if you report something to your safety rep?
Under the law you are protected as a safety 'whistleblower' if there has been:
a criminal offence
a danger to the health and safety of any individual
Public Concern at Work is the leading authority on public interest whistleblowing. Blowing the whistle on workplace wrongdoing
If your trade union is recognised and you want to become a safety rep, speak to your branch secretary about how to get yourself elected or appointed to represent the workforce. You will normally need two years’ experience of working in your job or in similar work.
time off for relevant training and to be paid for the time off if it’s during normal working hours
As a ROES your employer is required to provide you with and pay for relevant training in health and safety matters. If the training is during your normal working hours you have the right to time off with pay.
readmore»
Rights and functions of safety representatives
If your employer recognises a trade union and the union has appointed a safety representative (rep), your employer must consult the safety rep.
If there is no recognised union, your employer must either consult you direct or, if a representative of employee safety (ROES) has been elected, consult the ROES.
Safety reps have certain rights and functions including the legal right to:
represent workers in talks with the employer or the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) or other safety or environmental enforcement agencies
investigate complaints, possible hazards and dangerous incidents
carry out regular inspections of the workplace
take part in workplace risk assessments
A ROES functions include:
representing the interests of workers to the employer in consultation with the HSE and other safety or environmental enforcement agencies
speaking to the employer about hazards at work and other health and safety issues
Employer's duty to consult on health and safety
Your employer has a legal duty to:
consult about anything that may affect health and safety in the workplace
give you, if you are being consulted directly, or your safety rep or ROES, the chance to state their views
Your employer must consult on:
changes in working practices or procedures that could affect your health and safety
arrangements for using competent people to help the business comply with health and safety legislation
information to be made available on health and safety risks in the workplace
planning of health and safety training
health and safety issues with new technology
Employers' health and safety responsibilities
Are you protected if you report something to your safety rep?
Under the law you are protected as a safety 'whistleblower' if there has been:
a criminal offence
a danger to the health and safety of any individual
Public Concern at Work is the leading authority on public interest whistleblowing. Blowing the whistle on workplace wrongdoing
If your trade union is recognised and you want to become a safety rep, speak to your branch secretary about how to get yourself elected or appointed to represent the workforce. You will normally need two years’ experience of working in your job or in similar work.
time off for relevant training and to be paid for the time off if it’s during normal working hours
As a ROES your employer is required to provide you with and pay for relevant training in health and safety matters. If the training is during your normal working hours you have the right to time off with pay.
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Monday, April 12, 2010
Introduction to Safety and Health Management System
1. Introduction
Safety management can be traced to as far back as 3000 BC in Egypt and Babylon. In the 18th century, the Factory Act sets standards for safe working conditions and work hours in England. Following that, other laws such as the Explosives Act (1875) and the Safety and Health Act (1974) were passed.
The world’s first workmen’s compensation law was written in Germany in the 18th century in response to the dissatisfaction of workers with increasing hazardous working conditions as a result of industrialization.
Industrialization in North America also brought about activities that exposes workers to risks and as a result, many laws (e.g. Ontario Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1915) were passed to protect workers and compensate them for injuries.
Several major accidents such as the Piper Alpha, England (1988), Flixborough, England (1974), Texas City, United States (1947), Bhopal, India (1984), Seveso, Italy (1976) and Spyros, Singapore (1978) had also triggered a growing concern over safety and health issues.
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Safety management can be traced to as far back as 3000 BC in Egypt and Babylon. In the 18th century, the Factory Act sets standards for safe working conditions and work hours in England. Following that, other laws such as the Explosives Act (1875) and the Safety and Health Act (1974) were passed.
The world’s first workmen’s compensation law was written in Germany in the 18th century in response to the dissatisfaction of workers with increasing hazardous working conditions as a result of industrialization.
Industrialization in North America also brought about activities that exposes workers to risks and as a result, many laws (e.g. Ontario Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1915) were passed to protect workers and compensate them for injuries.
Several major accidents such as the Piper Alpha, England (1988), Flixborough, England (1974), Texas City, United States (1947), Bhopal, India (1984), Seveso, Italy (1976) and Spyros, Singapore (1978) had also triggered a growing concern over safety and health issues.
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MACHINE SAFETY
It's tough to imagine modern society without machines hard at work all around us. New and improved machinery leads to increased productivity, higher quality, and more affordable production. But misused machines can be as harmful as they are helpful. Machines that cut metal can cut off fingers. Machines that punch through steel can punch through flesh. Such injuries can cause career-ending disabilities as well as severe pain and suffering.
Be alert to these areas when working around or operating machinery:
The point of operation: That is where the work of the machine takes place. It's where the pressing, cutting, punching and boring takes place. It's a place where no part of the body should be. If any part of the body is in the way at the point of operation, the force of the machine can cause a serious injury. The point of operation may also produce sparks or fragments that can fly toward the operator. Safety glasses are important for this type of work.
The power train: That is where energy is transferred through moving parts like gears, shafts, belts, cables, hydraulic or pneumatic cylindersWhen working on this type of machinery, always follow the lockout/tagout procedures and replace all guards when repairs are complete. Employees should report any missing guards to their supervisor before operating this equipment.
Workers must control machines carefully. In addition to avoiding the power train and point of operation, employees should always:
Make sure machines are anchored securely to prevent "walking," tipping, excessive vibration or other movement that could be hazardous.
Never reach blindly into areas that may contain energized parts.
Keep conductive items -- watches, rings, steel, belt buckles -- away from exposed electrical parts.
Never plug or unplug electrical equipment with wet hands.
Follow all lockout/tagout procedures.
Always wear the proper protective equipment for each job. Material handling equipment: Power lifts, forklift trucks, etc. are not considered to be production machinery, but their points of operation and power train can be just as hazardous.
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Be alert to these areas when working around or operating machinery:
The point of operation: That is where the work of the machine takes place. It's where the pressing, cutting, punching and boring takes place. It's a place where no part of the body should be. If any part of the body is in the way at the point of operation, the force of the machine can cause a serious injury. The point of operation may also produce sparks or fragments that can fly toward the operator. Safety glasses are important for this type of work.
The power train: That is where energy is transferred through moving parts like gears, shafts, belts, cables, hydraulic or pneumatic cylindersWhen working on this type of machinery, always follow the lockout/tagout procedures and replace all guards when repairs are complete. Employees should report any missing guards to their supervisor before operating this equipment.
Workers must control machines carefully. In addition to avoiding the power train and point of operation, employees should always:
Make sure machines are anchored securely to prevent "walking," tipping, excessive vibration or other movement that could be hazardous.
Never reach blindly into areas that may contain energized parts.
Keep conductive items -- watches, rings, steel, belt buckles -- away from exposed electrical parts.
Never plug or unplug electrical equipment with wet hands.
Follow all lockout/tagout procedures.
Always wear the proper protective equipment for each job. Material handling equipment: Power lifts, forklift trucks, etc. are not considered to be production machinery, but their points of operation and power train can be just as hazardous.
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Office Safety
Purpose
The purpose of this program is to provide guidance to office managers and office staff on the elements of safe office work. The office is like any other work environment in that it may present potential health and safety hazards. Inadequate environmental conditions, such as noise, temperature, and humidity, may cause temporary discomforts
Responsibilities ManagementProvide training for all office staff in:1-Emergency Procedures2-Electrical Safety3-Office Ergonomics4-Ensure office equipment is in safe working order5-Provide proper storage for office supplies6-Office StaffReport all safety problems immediatelyDo not attempt to repair any office equipment or systemsMaintain a neat and sanitary office environmentNoise HazardsNoise can be defined very simply as unwanted sound. Whether a sound is classified as noise or not depends mostly on personal preferences. For noise levels in offices, the most common effects are interference with speech communication, annoyance, and distraction from mental activities. Noise in the office can interfere with communications. For example, it may be difficult to talk on the telephone when other people are talking nearby. Speech is likely to interfere with communications especially if the speakers have similar voices.The annoying effect of noise can decrease performance or increase errors in some task situations. If the task requires a great deal of mental concentration, noise can be detrimental to performance. Also, there is some indication that unexpected or unpredictable noise can have more of an effect than continuous or periodic noise. The annoyance caused by noise also depends on the individual. Noise can also be distracting. A sudden noise can interrupt activity temporarily, such as when someone drops a heavy object.Reducing NoiseMany unexpected noises cannot be controlled, as when someone accidentally drops something. For many of the annoying sounds in the office environment, the following measures are useful for reducing the level of noise or its effects:Select the quietest equipment if possible. When there is a choice between two or more products, sound levels should be included as a consideration for purchase and use.Provide proper maintenance of equipment, such as lubrication and tightening of loose parts that can cause noise.Locate loud equipment in areas where its effects are less detrimental. For example, place impact printers away from areas where people must use the phone.Use barriers walls or dividers to isolate noise sources. Use of buffers or acoustically treated materials can absorb noise that might otherwise travel further. Rubber pads to insulate vibrating equipment can also help to reduce noise.Enclose equipment, such as printers, with acoustical covers or housings.Schedule noisy tasks at times when it will have less of an effect on the other tasks in the office.Electrical SafetyElectric cords should be examined on a routine basis for fraying and exposed wiring. Particular attention should be paid to connections behind furniture, since files and bookcases may be pushed tightly against electric outlets, severely bending the cord at the plug. Electrical appliances must be designed and used in accordance with UL requirements.Use of Extension CordsExtension cords shall only be used in situations where fixed wiring is not feasible.Extension cords shall be kept in good repair, free from defects in their insulation. They will not be kinked, knotted, abraded, or cut.Extension cords shall be placed so they do not present a tripping or slipping hazard.Extension cords shall not be placed through doorways having doors that can be closed, and thereby damage the cord.All extension cords shall be of the grounding type (three conductor).HousekeepingGood housekeeping is an important element of accident prevention in offices.Poor housekeeping may lead to fires, injuries to personnel, or unhealthful working conditions. Mishaps caused by dropping heavy cartons and other related office equipment and supplies could also be a source of serious injuries to personnel.Passageways in offices should be free and clear of obstructions. Proper layout, spacing, and arrangement of equipment, furniture, and machinery are essential.All aisles within the office should be clearly defined and kept free of obstructions.Chairs, files, bookcases and desks must be replaced or repaired if they become damaged. Damaged chairs can be especially hazardous. Filing cabinet drawers should always be kept closed when not in use. Heavy files should be placed in the bottom file drawers.Materials stored within supply rooms must be neatly stacked and readily reached by adequate aisles. Care should be taken to stack materials so they will not topple over. Under no circumstances will materials be stacked within 18 inches of ceiling fire sprinkler heads or Halon nozzles. Materials shall not be stored so that they project into aisles or passageways in a manner that could cause persons to trip or could hinder emergency evacuation.Computer Work StationsComplaints concerning musculoskeletal problems are frequently heard from computer operators. Most common are complaints relating to the neck, shoulders, and back. Others concern the arms and hands and occasionally the legs.Certain common characteristics of VDT jobs have been identified and associated with increased risk of musculoskeletal problems. These include:Design of the workstationNature of the taskRepetitiveness of the jobDegree of postural constraintWork paceWork/rest schedulesPersonal attributes of individual workersThe key to comfort is in maintaining the body in a relaxed, natural position. The ideal work position is to have the arms hanging relaxed from the shoulders. If a keyboard is used, arms should be bent at right angles at the elbow, with the hands held in a straight line with forearms and elbows close to the body. The head should be in line with the body and slightly forward.Display ScreensWhen work is conducted at a computer, the top of the display screen should be at, or just slightly below, eye level. This allows the eyes to view the screen at a comfortable level, without having to tilt the head or move the back muscles.Control glare at the source whenever possible; place VDTs so that they are parallel to direct sources of light such as windows and overhead lights, and use window treatments if necessary. When glare sources cannot be removed, seek appropriate screen treatments such as glare filters. Keep the screen clean.The ChairThe chair is usually the most important piece of furniture that affects user comfort in the office. The chair should be adjusted for comfort; making sure the back is supported and that the seat pan is at a height so that the thighs are horizontal and feet are flat on the floor. An ergonomically sound chair requires four degrees of freedom - seat pan tilt, backrest angle, seat height, and backrest height. Operators can then vary the chair adjustments according to the task. In general, chairs with the most easily adjustable dimensions permit the most flexibility to support people's preferred sitting postures.Armrests on chairs are recommended for most office work except where they interfere with the task. Resting arms on armrests is a very effective way to reduce arm discomforts. Armrests should be sufficiently short and low to allow workers to get close enough to their work surfaces, especially for tasks that require fixed arm postures above the work surface.Surface Working HeightThe work surface height should fit the task. The principle is to place the surface height where the work may be performed in such a manner as to keep arms low and close to the body in relation to the task. If the working height is too high, the shoulders or the upper arms have to be lifted to compensate, which may lead to painful symptoms and cramps at the level of the neck and shoulders. If, on the other hand, the working height is too low, the back must be excessively bowed, which may cause backache. Generally, work should be done at about elbow height, whether sitting or standing. Adjustable workstations should be provided so that individuals may change the stations to meet their needs. A VDT workstation without an adjustable keyboard height and without an adjustable height and distance of the screen is not suitable for continuous work.Work/Rest SchedulesOne solution for stress and fatigue is to design the computer operator's work so that tasks requiring concentrated work at the terminal are alternated with non-computer based tasks throughout the workday. Also, a short break (5-10 minutes) should be taken at least once each hour when involved in continuous work at the computer.Other SolutionsAdditional measures that will aid in reducing discomfort while working with VDTs include:Change position, stand up, or stretch whenever you start to feel tired.Use a soft touch on the keyboard and keep your shoulders, hands, and fingers relaxed.Use a document holder, positioned at about the same plane and distance as the display screen.Rest your eyes by occasionally looking off into the distance.Office LightingDifferent tasks require different levels of lighting. Areas in which intricate work is performed, for example, require greater illumination than warehouses. Lighting needs vary form time-to-time and person-to-person as well. One approach is to use adjustable task lighting that can provide needed illumination without increasing general lighting.Task lamps are very effective to supplement the general office light levels for those who require or prefer additional light. Some task lamps permit several light levels. Since the individual controls task lamps, they can accommodate personal preferences.Indoor Air QualityIndoor air quality (IAQ) is an increasingly important issue in the work environment. The study of indoor air quality and pollutant levels within office environments is a complex problem. The complexity of studying and measuring the quality of office environments arises from various factors including:Office building floor plans are frequently changing to accommodate increasingly more employees and reorganization.Office buildings frequently undergo building renovations such as installation of new carpet, modular office partitions and freestanding offices, and painting.Many of the health symptoms appearing are vague and common both to the office and home environment.In general, very little data on pollutant levels within office environments is available.Guidelines or standards for permissible personal exposure limits to pollutants within office buildings are very limited.Many times odors are associated with chemical contaminants from inside or outside the office space, or from the building fabric. This is particularly noticeable following building renovation or installation of new carpeting. Out gassing from such things as paints, adhesives, sealants, office furniture, carpeting, and vinyl wall coverings is the source of a variety of irritant compounds. In most cases, these chemical contaminants can be measured at levels above ambient (normal background) but far below any existing occupational evaluation criteria.Waste DisposalOffice personnel should carefully handle and properly dispose of hazardous materials, such as broken glass. A waste receptacle containing broken glass or other hazardous material should be labeled to warn maintenance personnel of the potential hazard.Chemical SafetyEach office employee must be made aware of all hazardous materials they may contact in their work area. The Hazard Communication Program should include:Written programMaterial safety data sheets for each hazardous substance usedSpecific safe handling, use and disposalEmployee trainingEmergency Action PlansEmergency action plans are designed to control events and minimize the affects. Through careful pre-planning, establishment of emergency action teams, training and drills, employees can be safeguarded and potential for damage to assets minimized.Emergency Action Plans include:Exits routes, meeting areas and employee accountingEmergency evacuation, incident command and notification to emergency servicesPersonal injury and property damageProtection of Company information, both hard copy and electronic mediaBomb threats and facility securityFirst Aid ResponseUse of fire extinguishersEmergency Action Team Members (for example, Supervisors, Receptionist/Telephone Operators, and key assigned members) should be trained with quarterly reviews and drills. Semiannual drills with all employees should be conducted to assure effectiveness. First Aid Kits or First Aid supplies should be available with trained First Aid Providers available.
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The purpose of this program is to provide guidance to office managers and office staff on the elements of safe office work. The office is like any other work environment in that it may present potential health and safety hazards. Inadequate environmental conditions, such as noise, temperature, and humidity, may cause temporary discomforts
Responsibilities ManagementProvide training for all office staff in:1-Emergency Procedures2-Electrical Safety3-Office Ergonomics4-Ensure office equipment is in safe working order5-Provide proper storage for office supplies6-Office StaffReport all safety problems immediatelyDo not attempt to repair any office equipment or systemsMaintain a neat and sanitary office environmentNoise HazardsNoise can be defined very simply as unwanted sound. Whether a sound is classified as noise or not depends mostly on personal preferences. For noise levels in offices, the most common effects are interference with speech communication, annoyance, and distraction from mental activities. Noise in the office can interfere with communications. For example, it may be difficult to talk on the telephone when other people are talking nearby. Speech is likely to interfere with communications especially if the speakers have similar voices.The annoying effect of noise can decrease performance or increase errors in some task situations. If the task requires a great deal of mental concentration, noise can be detrimental to performance. Also, there is some indication that unexpected or unpredictable noise can have more of an effect than continuous or periodic noise. The annoyance caused by noise also depends on the individual. Noise can also be distracting. A sudden noise can interrupt activity temporarily, such as when someone drops a heavy object.Reducing NoiseMany unexpected noises cannot be controlled, as when someone accidentally drops something. For many of the annoying sounds in the office environment, the following measures are useful for reducing the level of noise or its effects:Select the quietest equipment if possible. When there is a choice between two or more products, sound levels should be included as a consideration for purchase and use.Provide proper maintenance of equipment, such as lubrication and tightening of loose parts that can cause noise.Locate loud equipment in areas where its effects are less detrimental. For example, place impact printers away from areas where people must use the phone.Use barriers walls or dividers to isolate noise sources. Use of buffers or acoustically treated materials can absorb noise that might otherwise travel further. Rubber pads to insulate vibrating equipment can also help to reduce noise.Enclose equipment, such as printers, with acoustical covers or housings.Schedule noisy tasks at times when it will have less of an effect on the other tasks in the office.Electrical SafetyElectric cords should be examined on a routine basis for fraying and exposed wiring. Particular attention should be paid to connections behind furniture, since files and bookcases may be pushed tightly against electric outlets, severely bending the cord at the plug. Electrical appliances must be designed and used in accordance with UL requirements.Use of Extension CordsExtension cords shall only be used in situations where fixed wiring is not feasible.Extension cords shall be kept in good repair, free from defects in their insulation. They will not be kinked, knotted, abraded, or cut.Extension cords shall be placed so they do not present a tripping or slipping hazard.Extension cords shall not be placed through doorways having doors that can be closed, and thereby damage the cord.All extension cords shall be of the grounding type (three conductor).HousekeepingGood housekeeping is an important element of accident prevention in offices.Poor housekeeping may lead to fires, injuries to personnel, or unhealthful working conditions. Mishaps caused by dropping heavy cartons and other related office equipment and supplies could also be a source of serious injuries to personnel.Passageways in offices should be free and clear of obstructions. Proper layout, spacing, and arrangement of equipment, furniture, and machinery are essential.All aisles within the office should be clearly defined and kept free of obstructions.Chairs, files, bookcases and desks must be replaced or repaired if they become damaged. Damaged chairs can be especially hazardous. Filing cabinet drawers should always be kept closed when not in use. Heavy files should be placed in the bottom file drawers.Materials stored within supply rooms must be neatly stacked and readily reached by adequate aisles. Care should be taken to stack materials so they will not topple over. Under no circumstances will materials be stacked within 18 inches of ceiling fire sprinkler heads or Halon nozzles. Materials shall not be stored so that they project into aisles or passageways in a manner that could cause persons to trip or could hinder emergency evacuation.Computer Work StationsComplaints concerning musculoskeletal problems are frequently heard from computer operators. Most common are complaints relating to the neck, shoulders, and back. Others concern the arms and hands and occasionally the legs.Certain common characteristics of VDT jobs have been identified and associated with increased risk of musculoskeletal problems. These include:Design of the workstationNature of the taskRepetitiveness of the jobDegree of postural constraintWork paceWork/rest schedulesPersonal attributes of individual workersThe key to comfort is in maintaining the body in a relaxed, natural position. The ideal work position is to have the arms hanging relaxed from the shoulders. If a keyboard is used, arms should be bent at right angles at the elbow, with the hands held in a straight line with forearms and elbows close to the body. The head should be in line with the body and slightly forward.Display ScreensWhen work is conducted at a computer, the top of the display screen should be at, or just slightly below, eye level. This allows the eyes to view the screen at a comfortable level, without having to tilt the head or move the back muscles.Control glare at the source whenever possible; place VDTs so that they are parallel to direct sources of light such as windows and overhead lights, and use window treatments if necessary. When glare sources cannot be removed, seek appropriate screen treatments such as glare filters. Keep the screen clean.The ChairThe chair is usually the most important piece of furniture that affects user comfort in the office. The chair should be adjusted for comfort; making sure the back is supported and that the seat pan is at a height so that the thighs are horizontal and feet are flat on the floor. An ergonomically sound chair requires four degrees of freedom - seat pan tilt, backrest angle, seat height, and backrest height. Operators can then vary the chair adjustments according to the task. In general, chairs with the most easily adjustable dimensions permit the most flexibility to support people's preferred sitting postures.Armrests on chairs are recommended for most office work except where they interfere with the task. Resting arms on armrests is a very effective way to reduce arm discomforts. Armrests should be sufficiently short and low to allow workers to get close enough to their work surfaces, especially for tasks that require fixed arm postures above the work surface.Surface Working HeightThe work surface height should fit the task. The principle is to place the surface height where the work may be performed in such a manner as to keep arms low and close to the body in relation to the task. If the working height is too high, the shoulders or the upper arms have to be lifted to compensate, which may lead to painful symptoms and cramps at the level of the neck and shoulders. If, on the other hand, the working height is too low, the back must be excessively bowed, which may cause backache. Generally, work should be done at about elbow height, whether sitting or standing. Adjustable workstations should be provided so that individuals may change the stations to meet their needs. A VDT workstation without an adjustable keyboard height and without an adjustable height and distance of the screen is not suitable for continuous work.Work/Rest SchedulesOne solution for stress and fatigue is to design the computer operator's work so that tasks requiring concentrated work at the terminal are alternated with non-computer based tasks throughout the workday. Also, a short break (5-10 minutes) should be taken at least once each hour when involved in continuous work at the computer.Other SolutionsAdditional measures that will aid in reducing discomfort while working with VDTs include:Change position, stand up, or stretch whenever you start to feel tired.Use a soft touch on the keyboard and keep your shoulders, hands, and fingers relaxed.Use a document holder, positioned at about the same plane and distance as the display screen.Rest your eyes by occasionally looking off into the distance.Office LightingDifferent tasks require different levels of lighting. Areas in which intricate work is performed, for example, require greater illumination than warehouses. Lighting needs vary form time-to-time and person-to-person as well. One approach is to use adjustable task lighting that can provide needed illumination without increasing general lighting.Task lamps are very effective to supplement the general office light levels for those who require or prefer additional light. Some task lamps permit several light levels. Since the individual controls task lamps, they can accommodate personal preferences.Indoor Air QualityIndoor air quality (IAQ) is an increasingly important issue in the work environment. The study of indoor air quality and pollutant levels within office environments is a complex problem. The complexity of studying and measuring the quality of office environments arises from various factors including:Office building floor plans are frequently changing to accommodate increasingly more employees and reorganization.Office buildings frequently undergo building renovations such as installation of new carpet, modular office partitions and freestanding offices, and painting.Many of the health symptoms appearing are vague and common both to the office and home environment.In general, very little data on pollutant levels within office environments is available.Guidelines or standards for permissible personal exposure limits to pollutants within office buildings are very limited.Many times odors are associated with chemical contaminants from inside or outside the office space, or from the building fabric. This is particularly noticeable following building renovation or installation of new carpeting. Out gassing from such things as paints, adhesives, sealants, office furniture, carpeting, and vinyl wall coverings is the source of a variety of irritant compounds. In most cases, these chemical contaminants can be measured at levels above ambient (normal background) but far below any existing occupational evaluation criteria.Waste DisposalOffice personnel should carefully handle and properly dispose of hazardous materials, such as broken glass. A waste receptacle containing broken glass or other hazardous material should be labeled to warn maintenance personnel of the potential hazard.Chemical SafetyEach office employee must be made aware of all hazardous materials they may contact in their work area. The Hazard Communication Program should include:Written programMaterial safety data sheets for each hazardous substance usedSpecific safe handling, use and disposalEmployee trainingEmergency Action PlansEmergency action plans are designed to control events and minimize the affects. Through careful pre-planning, establishment of emergency action teams, training and drills, employees can be safeguarded and potential for damage to assets minimized.Emergency Action Plans include:Exits routes, meeting areas and employee accountingEmergency evacuation, incident command and notification to emergency servicesPersonal injury and property damageProtection of Company information, both hard copy and electronic mediaBomb threats and facility securityFirst Aid ResponseUse of fire extinguishersEmergency Action Team Members (for example, Supervisors, Receptionist/Telephone Operators, and key assigned members) should be trained with quarterly reviews and drills. Semiannual drills with all employees should be conducted to assure effectiveness. First Aid Kits or First Aid supplies should be available with trained First Aid Providers available.
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Electrical Safety
The Electrical Safety program is designed to prevent electrically related injuries and property damage. Only employees qualified in this program may conduct adjustment, repair or replacement of electrical components or equipment. Provide training for qualified and unqualified employees
• Conduct inspections to identify electrical safety deficiencies• Guard and correct all electrical deficiencies promptly• Ensure all new electrical installations meet codes and regulationsEmployees• Report electrical deficiencies immediately• Not work on electrical equipment unless authorized and trained• Properly inspect all electrical equipment prior to useHazard ControlEngineering Controls• All electrical distribution panels, breakers, disconnects, switches, junction boxes shall be completely enclosed• Non-electrical attachments to conduit are prohibited.Administrative Controls• Only trained and authorized employees may conduct repairs to electrical equipment.• Contractors performing electrical work must be hold a license for the rated work• All electrical control devices shall be properly labeled• Work on energized circuits is prohibited unless specifically authorized by senior facility management• All qualified employees will follow established electrical safety procedures and precautionsProtective Equipment• Qualified employees will wear electrically rated safety shoed/boots.• All tools used for electrical work shall be properly insulated• Electrical rated gloves shall be available for work on electrical equipmentElectrical EquipmentElectrical equipment shall be free from recognized hazards that are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to employees. Safety of equipment shall be determined using the following considerations:• Electrical insulation.Identification of Disconnecting Means and CircuitsEach service, feeder, and branch circuit, at its disconnecting means or overcurrent device, shall be legibly marked to indicate its purpose. A disconnecting means is a switch that is used to disconnect the conductors of a circuit from the source of electric current. This current to motor Number 2 can be shut off by the Number 2 circuit breaker or the Number 2 disconnect.Qualified Worker: An employee trained and authorized to conduct electrical work.Unqualified: Employees who have not been trained or authorized by management to conduct electrical work.TrainingTraining for Unqualified EmployeesTraining for Unqualified Employees is general electrical safety precautions to provide an awareness and understanding of electrical hazards.Electrical Safety Rules for Non-Qualified Workers1. Do not conduct any repairs to electrical equipment2. Report all electrical deficiencies to your supervisor.3. Do not operate equipment if you suspect and electrical problem.7. Do not overload electrical receptacles.Training for Qualified EmployeesTraining for Qualified Employees includes specific equipment procedures and requirements of:Electrical Safety, 29 CFR 1910.331 to 1910.339Personal Protective EquipmentEmployees working in areas where the potential contact with exposed electrical sources are present and likely, will be provided and shall use Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). PPE shall be used where contact with exposed electrical sources are present and likely.5. Employees shall wear non-conductive head protection wherever there is a danger of injury from electrical burns or shock from contact with exposed energized parts.6. Employee shall wear protective eye/face equipment whenever there is a danger from electrical arcs or flashes or from flying objects resulting from an electrical explosion.
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• Conduct inspections to identify electrical safety deficiencies• Guard and correct all electrical deficiencies promptly• Ensure all new electrical installations meet codes and regulationsEmployees• Report electrical deficiencies immediately• Not work on electrical equipment unless authorized and trained• Properly inspect all electrical equipment prior to useHazard ControlEngineering Controls• All electrical distribution panels, breakers, disconnects, switches, junction boxes shall be completely enclosed• Non-electrical attachments to conduit are prohibited.Administrative Controls• Only trained and authorized employees may conduct repairs to electrical equipment.• Contractors performing electrical work must be hold a license for the rated work• All electrical control devices shall be properly labeled• Work on energized circuits is prohibited unless specifically authorized by senior facility management• All qualified employees will follow established electrical safety procedures and precautionsProtective Equipment• Qualified employees will wear electrically rated safety shoed/boots.• All tools used for electrical work shall be properly insulated• Electrical rated gloves shall be available for work on electrical equipmentElectrical EquipmentElectrical equipment shall be free from recognized hazards that are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to employees. Safety of equipment shall be determined using the following considerations:• Electrical insulation.Identification of Disconnecting Means and CircuitsEach service, feeder, and branch circuit, at its disconnecting means or overcurrent device, shall be legibly marked to indicate its purpose. A disconnecting means is a switch that is used to disconnect the conductors of a circuit from the source of electric current. This current to motor Number 2 can be shut off by the Number 2 circuit breaker or the Number 2 disconnect.Qualified Worker: An employee trained and authorized to conduct electrical work.Unqualified: Employees who have not been trained or authorized by management to conduct electrical work.TrainingTraining for Unqualified EmployeesTraining for Unqualified Employees is general electrical safety precautions to provide an awareness and understanding of electrical hazards.Electrical Safety Rules for Non-Qualified Workers1. Do not conduct any repairs to electrical equipment2. Report all electrical deficiencies to your supervisor.3. Do not operate equipment if you suspect and electrical problem.7. Do not overload electrical receptacles.Training for Qualified EmployeesTraining for Qualified Employees includes specific equipment procedures and requirements of:Electrical Safety, 29 CFR 1910.331 to 1910.339Personal Protective EquipmentEmployees working in areas where the potential contact with exposed electrical sources are present and likely, will be provided and shall use Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). PPE shall be used where contact with exposed electrical sources are present and likely.5. Employees shall wear non-conductive head protection wherever there is a danger of injury from electrical burns or shock from contact with exposed energized parts.6. Employee shall wear protective eye/face equipment whenever there is a danger from electrical arcs or flashes or from flying objects resulting from an electrical explosion.
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Chemical Safety
Each office employee must be made aware of all hazardous materials they may contact in their work area. The Hazard Communication Program should include:
1-Material safety data sheets for each hazardous substance used
2-Employee training
Emergency Action Plans
Emergency action plans are designed to control events and minimize the affects. Through careful pre-planning, establishment of emergency action teams, training and drills, employees can be safeguarded and potential for damage to assets minimized.
1. Emergency Action Plans include:
2. Exits routes, meeting areas and employee accounting
3. Emergency evacuation, incident command and notification to emergency services
4. Personal injury and property damage
5. Protection of Company information, both hard copy and electronic media
6. Bomb threats and facility security
7. First Aid Response
Emergency Action Team Members (for example, Supervisors, Receptionist/Telephone Operators, and key assigned members) should be trained with quarterly reviews and drills. First
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1-Material safety data sheets for each hazardous substance used
2-Employee training
Emergency Action Plans
Emergency action plans are designed to control events and minimize the affects. Through careful pre-planning, establishment of emergency action teams, training and drills, employees can be safeguarded and potential for damage to assets minimized.
1. Emergency Action Plans include:
2. Exits routes, meeting areas and employee accounting
3. Emergency evacuation, incident command and notification to emergency services
4. Personal injury and property damage
5. Protection of Company information, both hard copy and electronic media
6. Bomb threats and facility security
7. First Aid Response
Emergency Action Team Members (for example, Supervisors, Receptionist/Telephone Operators, and key assigned members) should be trained with quarterly reviews and drills. First
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Sunday, April 11, 2010
WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE?
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Environmental chemistry., it isimportant to have some appreciation of environmental science as a whole.Environmental science in its broadest sense is the science of the complexinteractions that occur among the terrestrial, atmospheric, aquatic, living, andanthropological environments. biology, ecology, sociology, and government,
environmental science will be defined as the study of the earth, air, water, and living environments, and the effects of technology thereon. To a significant degree, environmental science has evolved Carry out their life cycles. A time has evolved into ecology, the study of environmental factors that affect organisms and how organisms interact with these factors and with each other. Affected irreversibly by technology. applied intelligently by those knowledgeable of environmental science, it can serve,rather than damage, this Earth upon which all living beings depend for their welfareand existence.
The Environment
Air, water, earth, life, and technology are strongly interconnected
Traditionally, environmental science has been divided among the study of the
atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the geosphere, and the biosphere. The atmosphere is
the thin layer of gases that cover Earth’s surface. of gases, the atmosphere moderates Earth’s temperature, absorbs energy and damaging
ultraviolet radiation from the sun, transports energy away from equatorial
regions, and serves as a pathway for vapor-phase movement of water in the hydrologic
cycle. The hydrosphere contains Earth’s water. Over 97% of Earth’s water is
only a relatively small percentage of the total water on Earth is actually involved
with terrestrial, atmospheric, and biological processes. Exclusive of seawater, the
water that circulates through environmental processes and cycles occurs in the
atmosphere, underground as groundwater, and as surface water in streams, rivers,
lakes, ponds, and reservoirs. The geosphere consists of the solid earth, including
soil, which supports most plant life. hydrosphere, and living things is the solid lithosphere. The lithosphere varies fromthe other spheres of the environment are concerned is its thin outer skin composedlargely of lighter silicate-based minerals and called the crust. All living entities on
Earth compose the biosphere. Living organisms and the aspects of the environment
pertaining directly to them are called biotic, and other portions of the environment
are abiotic.To a large extent, the strong interactions among living organisms and the various
spheres of the abiotic environment are best described by cycles of matter that
involve biological, chemical, and geological processes and phenomena. Such cycles
are called biogeochemical cycles,
environmental science will be defined as the study of the earth, air, water, and living environments, and the effects of technology thereon. To a significant degree, environmental science has evolved Carry out their life cycles. A time has evolved into ecology, the study of environmental factors that affect organisms and how organisms interact with these factors and with each other. Affected irreversibly by technology. applied intelligently by those knowledgeable of environmental science, it can serve,rather than damage, this Earth upon which all living beings depend for their welfareand existence.
The Environment
Air, water, earth, life, and technology are strongly interconnected
Traditionally, environmental science has been divided among the study of the
atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the geosphere, and the biosphere. The atmosphere is
the thin layer of gases that cover Earth’s surface. of gases, the atmosphere moderates Earth’s temperature, absorbs energy and damaging
ultraviolet radiation from the sun, transports energy away from equatorial
regions, and serves as a pathway for vapor-phase movement of water in the hydrologic
cycle. The hydrosphere contains Earth’s water. Over 97% of Earth’s water is
only a relatively small percentage of the total water on Earth is actually involved
with terrestrial, atmospheric, and biological processes. Exclusive of seawater, the
water that circulates through environmental processes and cycles occurs in the
atmosphere, underground as groundwater, and as surface water in streams, rivers,
lakes, ponds, and reservoirs. The geosphere consists of the solid earth, including
soil, which supports most plant life. hydrosphere, and living things is the solid lithosphere. The lithosphere varies fromthe other spheres of the environment are concerned is its thin outer skin composedlargely of lighter silicate-based minerals and called the crust. All living entities on
Earth compose the biosphere. Living organisms and the aspects of the environment
pertaining directly to them are called biotic, and other portions of the environment
are abiotic.To a large extent, the strong interactions among living organisms and the various
spheres of the abiotic environment are best described by cycles of matter that
involve biological, chemical, and geological processes and phenomena. Such cycles
are called biogeochemical cycles,
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Thursday, April 8, 2010
air pollution causes
There are many different chemical substances that contribute to air pollution. Among the many types of air pollutants are nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxides, and organic compounds that can evaporate and enter the atmosphere.
Air pollutants have sources that are both natural and human. Now, humans contribute substantially more to the air pollution problem.
Forest fires, volcanic eruptions, wind erosion, pollen dispersal, evaporation of organic compounds, and natural radioactivity are all among the natural causes of air pollution.
Usually, natural air pollution does not occur in abundance in particular locations. Though some pollution comes from these natural sources, most pollution is the result of human activity. The biggest causes are the operation of fossil fuel-burning power plants and automobiles that combust fuel. Combined, these two sources are responsible for about 90% of all air pollution in the United States.
Some cities suffer severely because of heavy industrial use of chemicals that cause air pollution. Places like Mexico City and Sao Paulo have some of the most deadly pollution levels in the world
Air pollutants have sources that are both natural and human. Now, humans contribute substantially more to the air pollution problem.
Forest fires, volcanic eruptions, wind erosion, pollen dispersal, evaporation of organic compounds, and natural radioactivity are all among the natural causes of air pollution.
Usually, natural air pollution does not occur in abundance in particular locations. Though some pollution comes from these natural sources, most pollution is the result of human activity. The biggest causes are the operation of fossil fuel-burning power plants and automobiles that combust fuel. Combined, these two sources are responsible for about 90% of all air pollution in the United States.
Some cities suffer severely because of heavy industrial use of chemicals that cause air pollution. Places like Mexico City and Sao Paulo have some of the most deadly pollution levels in the world
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Air pollution
Every day, the average person inhales about 20,000 liters of air. Every time we breathe, we risk inhaling dangerous chemicals that have found their way into the air.
Air pollution includes all contaminants found in the atmosphere. Air pollution can be found both outdoors and indoors. Pollutants can be trapped inside buildings, causing indoor pollution that lasts for a long time.
The sources of air pollution are both natural and human-based. Air pollution has been a problem throughout history. Even in Ancient Rome people complained about smoke put into the atmosphere.
The effects of air pollution are diverse and numerous. Air pollution can have serious consequences for the health of human beings, and also severely affects natural ecosystems.
Because it is located in the atmosphere, air pollution is able to travel easily. As a result, air pollution is a global problem and has been the subject of global cooperation and conflict.
Some areas now suffer more than others from air pollution. Cities with large numbers of automobiles or those that use great quantities of coal often suffer most severely from problems of air pollution.
Air pollution includes all contaminants found in the atmosphere. Air pollution can be found both outdoors and indoors. Pollutants can be trapped inside buildings, causing indoor pollution that lasts for a long time.
The sources of air pollution are both natural and human-based. Air pollution has been a problem throughout history. Even in Ancient Rome people complained about smoke put into the atmosphere.
The effects of air pollution are diverse and numerous. Air pollution can have serious consequences for the health of human beings, and also severely affects natural ecosystems.
Because it is located in the atmosphere, air pollution is able to travel easily. As a result, air pollution is a global problem and has been the subject of global cooperation and conflict.
Some areas now suffer more than others from air pollution. Cities with large numbers of automobiles or those that use great quantities of coal often suffer most severely from problems of air pollution.
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Monday, April 5, 2010
various Type of Pollution
Sound Pollution
Noise, by definition, is unwanted sound. The natural environment contains many sources of noise - wind, volcanoes, oceans, and animal sounds are all familiar intrusions accepted at various levels. Man-made noises - from machines, automobiles, trains, planes, explosives and firecrackers, etc. - are more contentious. Both kinds of noise affect sleep, hearing, communication, as well as mental and physical health
Pollution is a noun derived from the verb pollute, meaning: to foul. It is now increasingly understood that pollution from noise is an important component of air pollution, which was previously understood as being limited to material pollution. Noise is an inescapable by-product of the industrial environment, which is increasing with advances in industrialization and urbanization. Continuous noise causes an increase in the cholesterol level resulting in permanent constriction of blood vessels, making one prone to heart attacks and strokes. Health experts are of the opinion that excessive noise can also lead to neurosis and nervous breakdown.
Noise travels through air and hence it is measured in ambient air quality level. Noise is measured in decibels. Experts believe that continuous noise levels in excess of 90 decibels can cause loss of hearing and irreversible changes in nervous systems. The World Health Organization [WHO] has fixed 45 decibels as the safe noise level for a city.
Waste and Water Pollution
When toxic substances enter lakes, streams, rivers, oceans, and other water bodies, they get dissolved or lie suspended in water or get deposited on the bed. This results in the pollution of water whereby the quality of the water deteriorates, affecting aquatic ecosystems. Pollutants can also seep down and affect the groundwater deposits.
Today, many people dump their garbage into streams, lakes, rivers, and seas, thus making water bodies the final resting place of cans, bottles, plastics, and other household products. The various substances that we use for keeping our houses clean add to water pollution as they contain harmful chemicals. In the past, people mostly used soaps made from animal and vegetable fat for all types of washing. But most of today’s cleaning products are synthetic detergents and come from the petrochemical industry. Most detergents and washing powders contain phosphates, which are used to soften the water among other things. These and other chemicals contained in washing powders affect the health of all forms of life in the water.
The effects of water pollution are not only devastating to people but also to animals, fish, and birds. Polluted water is unsuitable for drinking, recreation, agriculture, and industry. It diminishes the aesthetic quality of lakes and rivers. More seriously, contaminated water destroys aquatic life and reduces its reproductive ability. Eventually, it is a hazard to human health. Nobody can escape the effects of water pollution
Air Pollution
It is the contamination of air by the discharge of harmful substances. Air pollution can cause health problems and it can also damage the environment and property. Industries, vehicles, increase in the population, and urbanization are some of the major factors responsible for air pollution. The following industries are among those that emit a great deal of pollutants into the air: thermal power plants, cement, steel, refineries, petro chemicals, and mines.
Air pollution results from a variety of causes, not all of which are within human control. Dust storms in desert areas and smoke from forest fires and grass fires contribute to chemical and particulate pollution of the air. The source of pollution may be in one country but the impact of pollution may be felt elsewhere. Listed below are the major air pollutants and their sources.
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colourless, odourless gas that is produced by the incomplete burning of carbon-based fuels including petrol, diesel, and wood. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the principle greenhouse gas emitted as a result of human activities such as the burning of coal, oil, and natural gases.
Chloroflorocarbons (CFC) are gases that are released mainly from air-conditioning systems and refrigeration. Lead is present in petrol, diesel, lead batteries, paints, hair dye products, etc. Lead affects children in particular. It can cause nervous system damage and digestive problems and, in some cases, cause cancer.
Ozone occur naturally in the upper layers of the atmosphere. This important gas shields the earth from the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun. However, at the ground level, it is a pollutant with highly toxic effects. Vehicles and industries are the major source of ground-level ozone emissions. Ozone makes our eyes itch, burn, and water. It lowers our resistance to colds and pneumonia.
Nitrogen oxide (Nox) causes smog and acid rain. It is produced from burning fuels including petrol, diesel, and coal. Nitrogen oxides can make children susceptible to respiratory diseases in winters.
Suspended particulate matter (SPM) consists of solids in the air in the form of smoke, dust, and vapour that can remain suspended for extended periods and is also the main source of haze which reduces visibility. The finer of these particles, when breathed in can lodge in our lungs and cause lung damage and respiratory problems.
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) is a gas produced from burning coal, mainly in thermal power plants. Some industrial processes, such as production of paper and smelting of metals, produce sulphur dioxide. Sulfur dioxide can lead to lung diseases.
Chemical Pollution
There are many different sources of chemical pollution, including:
• domestic sewage
• industrial discharges
• seepage from waste sites
• atmospheric fallout
• domestic run-off
• accidents and spills at sea
• operational discharges from oil rigs
• mining discharges and
• agricultural run-off.
However, the chemicals that are probably of most concern for everyone are the persistent pollutants: those substances that enter marine food chains and are eventually passed along the chain to the marine top predators in increasing amounts.Persistent pollutants include pesticides, such as DDT, and industrial chemicals, most famously the PCBs.
When toxic substances enter lakes, streams, rivers, oceans, and other water bodies, they get dissolved or lie suspended in water or get deposited on the bed. This results in the pollution of water whereby the quality of the water deteriorates, affecting aquatic ecosystems. Pollutants can also seep down and affect the groundwater deposits.
Today, many people dump their garbage into streams, lakes, rivers, and seas, thus making water bodies the final resting place of cans, bottles, plastics, and other household products. The various substances that we use for keeping our houses clean add to water pollution as they contain harmful chemicals. In the past, people mostly used soaps made from animal and vegetable fat for all types of washing. But most of today’s cleaning products are synthetic detergents and come from the petrochemical industry. Most detergents and washing powders contain phosphates, which are used to soften the water among other things. These and other chemicals contained in washing powders affect the health of all forms of life in the water.
The effects of water pollution are not only devastating to people but also to animals, fish, and birds. Polluted water is unsuitable for drinking, recreation, agriculture, and industry. It diminishes the aesthetic quality of lakes and rivers. More seriously, contaminated water destroys aquatic life and reduces its reproductive ability. Eventually, it is a hazard to human health. Nobody can escape the effects of water pollution
Air Pollution
It is the contamination of air by the discharge of harmful substances. Air pollution can cause health problems and it can also damage the environment and property. Industries, vehicles, increase in the population, and urbanization are some of the major factors responsible for air pollution. The following industries are among those that emit a great deal of pollutants into the air: thermal power plants, cement, steel, refineries, petro chemicals, and mines.
Air pollution results from a variety of causes, not all of which are within human control. Dust storms in desert areas and smoke from forest fires and grass fires contribute to chemical and particulate pollution of the air. The source of pollution may be in one country but the impact of pollution may be felt elsewhere. Listed below are the major air pollutants and their sources.
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colourless, odourless gas that is produced by the incomplete burning of carbon-based fuels including petrol, diesel, and wood. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the principle greenhouse gas emitted as a result of human activities such as the burning of coal, oil, and natural gases.
Chloroflorocarbons (CFC) are gases that are released mainly from air-conditioning systems and refrigeration. Lead is present in petrol, diesel, lead batteries, paints, hair dye products, etc. Lead affects children in particular. It can cause nervous system damage and digestive problems and, in some cases, cause cancer.
Ozone occur naturally in the upper layers of the atmosphere. This important gas shields the earth from the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun. However, at the ground level, it is a pollutant with highly toxic effects. Vehicles and industries are the major source of ground-level ozone emissions. Ozone makes our eyes itch, burn, and water. It lowers our resistance to colds and pneumonia.
Nitrogen oxide (Nox) causes smog and acid rain. It is produced from burning fuels including petrol, diesel, and coal. Nitrogen oxides can make children susceptible to respiratory diseases in winters.
Suspended particulate matter (SPM) consists of solids in the air in the form of smoke, dust, and vapour that can remain suspended for extended periods and is also the main source of haze which reduces visibility. The finer of these particles, when breathed in can lodge in our lungs and cause lung damage and respiratory problems.
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) is a gas produced from burning coal, mainly in thermal power plants. Some industrial processes, such as production of paper and smelting of metals, produce sulphur dioxide. Sulfur dioxide can lead to lung diseases.
Chemical Pollution
There are many different sources of chemical pollution, including:
• domestic sewage
• industrial discharges
• seepage from waste sites
• atmospheric fallout
• domestic run-off
• accidents and spills at sea
• operational discharges from oil rigs
• mining discharges and
• agricultural run-off.
However, the chemicals that are probably of most concern for everyone are the persistent pollutants: those substances that enter marine food chains and are eventually passed along the chain to the marine top predators in increasing amounts.Persistent pollutants include pesticides, such as DDT, and industrial chemicals, most famously the PCBs.
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Noise pollution
Noise pollution is a type of energy pollution in which distracting, irritating, or damaging sounds are freely audible. As with other forms of energy pollution (such as heat and light pollution), noise pollution contaminants are not physical particles, but rather waves that interfere with naturally-occurring waves of a similar type in the same environment. Thus, the definition of noise pollution is open to debate, and there is no clear border as to which sounds may constitute noise pollution. In the most narrow sense, sounds are considered noise pollution if they adversely affect wildlife, human activity, or are capable of damaging physical structures on a regular, repeating basis. In the broadest sense of the term, a sound may be considered noise pollution if it disturbs any natural process or causes human harm, even if the sound does not occur on a regular basis.
The prevailing source of artificial noise pollution is from transportation. In rural areas, train and airplane noise can disturb wildlife habits, thereby affecting the manner in which animals in areas around train tracks and airports hunt and mate. In urban areas, automobile, motorcycle, and even entertainment noise can cause sleep disruption in humans and animals, hearing loss, heart disease (as a result of stress), and in severe cases even mental instability. A notable exception to the rule is the electric, or hybrid-electric, automobile. Although most developed nations have government agencies responsible for the protection of the environment, no nation has a single body that regulates noise pollution. In the United States, Canada, Europe, and most other developed parts of the world, different types of noise are managed by agencies responsible for the source of the noise. Transportation noise is usually regulated by the relevant transportation ministry, health-related work noise is often regulated by health ministries and worker's unions, and entertainment noise such as loud music is a criminal offense in many areas. As the bodies responsible for noise pollution reduction usually view noise as an annoyance rather than a problem, and reducing that noise often hurts the industry financially, little is currently being done to reduce noise pollution in developed countries.
The prevailing source of artificial noise pollution is from transportation. In rural areas, train and airplane noise can disturb wildlife habits, thereby affecting the manner in which animals in areas around train tracks and airports hunt and mate. In urban areas, automobile, motorcycle, and even entertainment noise can cause sleep disruption in humans and animals, hearing loss, heart disease (as a result of stress), and in severe cases even mental instability. A notable exception to the rule is the electric, or hybrid-electric, automobile. Although most developed nations have government agencies responsible for the protection of the environment, no nation has a single body that regulates noise pollution. In the United States, Canada, Europe, and most other developed parts of the world, different types of noise are managed by agencies responsible for the source of the noise. Transportation noise is usually regulated by the relevant transportation ministry, health-related work noise is often regulated by health ministries and worker's unions, and entertainment noise such as loud music is a criminal offense in many areas. As the bodies responsible for noise pollution reduction usually view noise as an annoyance rather than a problem, and reducing that noise often hurts the industry financially, little is currently being done to reduce noise pollution in developed countries.
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REQUIREMENTS OF ISO 14001
imperatives adjunctly ISO 14001adhere an acquiescent attendantly the standard’s demands. A artful check attendantly the acceptedaccount Quality Management movement, as follows
PLAN4.2 Policy4.3 PlanningDO4.4 Implementation and OperationCHECK4.5 Checking and Corrective ActionIMPROVE4.6 Management ReviewWithin these five elements are 17 sub-elements stating the various requirements?4.2 Policy4.3 Planning4.3.1 Environmental Aspects4.3.2 Legal and Other Requirements4.3.3 Objectives and Targets4.4.4 Environmental Management Programs4.4 Implementation and Operation4.4.1 Structure and Responsibility4.4.2 Training Awareness and Competence4.4.3 Communications4.4.4 EMS Documentation4.4.5 Document Control4.4.6 Operation Control4.4.7 Emergency Planning and Response4.5 Checking and Corrective Action4.5.1 Monitoring and Measurement4.5.2 Nonconformance, Corrective, and Preventive Action4.5.3 Records4.5.4 EMS Audit4.6 Management ReviewWithin these 17 sub-elements are all of the requirements, or “shells”, necessary toConform to ISO 14001. Recognizing the requirements. As a matter of fact, no auditor should embark on an auditbelow we briefly summarize the key points of the sub-elements. during an audit.Detailed Section by Section Summary4.2 PolicyISO 14001 requires that the organization have a policy statement to drive the EMS.There is no expectation that specific details be noted in the policy. prevention of pollution”. The policy must be clearly endorsed by top management andbe available to the public and employees. awareness is more proactive. Section 4.2 of ISO 14001 lists the other requirements of thepolicy.4.3.1 Environmental AspectsThis element requires a procedure that not only identifies the aspects and impacts, butISO 14001 does not prescribe what aspects should be significant, or even how todetermine significance. However, it is expected the organization will develop a4.3.2 Legal and Other RequirementsThis is a requirement for a procedure that explains how the organization obtainsinformation regarding its legal and other requirements, and makes that informationknown to key functions. This is not the assessment or compliance audit requirement, butrather a more up front determination of requirements.4.3.3 Objectives and TargetsThere is no requirement for a procedure in this element, only that objectives and targetsbe documented. Objectives, such as legal requirements and prevention of pollution. easiest to develop a procedure anyway for this element to be able to verify these4.3.4 Environmental Management Programs (EMP)EMPs are the detailed plans and programs explaining how the objectives and targets willbe accomplished. These EMPs usually note responsible personnel, milestones and dates,and measurements of success. Noting monitoring and measurement parameters directlyin the EMP facilitates conforming to 4.5.1 on Monitoring and Measurement discussed4.4.1 Structure and ResponsibilityISO 14001 requires that the relevant management and accountability structure be definedin this element. organization must denote the Management Representative who is responsible to overseethe EMS and report to management on its operation.4.4.2 Training Awareness and CompetenceThe key point in this element is that personnel must receive applicable training regardingthe EMS. Specific requirements are itemized in ISO 14001, and include general,company-wide items such as knowing the policy, to more function-specific training onaspects and emergency response. An organization usually responds to this element with atraining matrix, cross-referencing to training materials and records.4.4.3 CommunicationsProcedures are required for both internal and external communications. Note that ISOdegree of openness and disclosure of information. Whatever the decision in terms ofdisclosure, that decision process must be recorded.4.4.4 EMS DocumentationThis requirement is simply that the organization has documented the system in eitherelectronic or paper form such that it addresses the elements of the standard and providesdirection to related documentation. Not all ISO 14001-required procedures need to bedocumented, as long as the system requirements can be verified.4.4.5 Document Control.Procedures are required to control documents, such as system procedures and workinstructions, and to ensure that current versions are distributed and obsolete versions areremoved from the system.4.4.6 Operational ControlThis element is the one which connects the EMS with the organization as a whole. the critical functions related to significant aspects and objectives and targets are identifiedand procedures and work instructions created to ensure proper execution of activities.Requirements for communicating applicable system requirements to contractors are alsoaddressed.4.4.7 Emergency Planning and ResponseAlthough typically addressed through conventional emergency response plans, thiselement also requires that a process exist for identifying the potential emergencies, inaddition to planning and mitigating them. impacts are assessed, is appropriate. 4.5.1 Monitoring and MeasurementProcedures are required describing how the organization will monitor and measure keyparameters of operations. These parameters relate to the significant aspects, objectivesand targets and legal and regulatory compliance. In order to properly manage the system,Responses tothis element usually cross reference to many other specific procedures and workinstructions describing measurement and equipment calibration. 4.5.2 Nonconformance, Corrective, and Preventive ActionThis element requires procedures for acting on nonconformances identified in the system,including corrective and preventive action. audits, monitoring and measurement, and communications. system flaws. Typically, Corrective Action Report (CAR) forms are the norm, noting thenonconformance, the suggested fix, and closure of the action when completed. Note thatthis requirement does not imply in any way that the party identifying the nonconformance4.5.3 RecordsRecords are expected to exist to serve as verification of the system operating. Forexample, records include audit reports and training records. Unlike controlleddocuments, records are “once and done” documents, resulting from the execution of someprocess or procedure. Procedures in this element are required for the maintenance ofrecords.4.5.4 EMS AuditsISO 14001 requires that the system provide for internal audits. This procedures(s) willinclude methodologies, schedules, and processes to conduct the audits. Interestingly, theEMS audit will in essence, audit the audit process itself!4.6 Management ReviewThis element requires that periodically, top management will review the EMS to ensure itis operating as planned. If not, resources must be provided for corrective action. Forprovide for improvement programs. element, although records of agendas, attendance, and agreed upon action items aremaintained as verification
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PLAN4.2 Policy4.3 PlanningDO4.4 Implementation and OperationCHECK4.5 Checking and Corrective ActionIMPROVE4.6 Management ReviewWithin these five elements are 17 sub-elements stating the various requirements?4.2 Policy4.3 Planning4.3.1 Environmental Aspects4.3.2 Legal and Other Requirements4.3.3 Objectives and Targets4.4.4 Environmental Management Programs4.4 Implementation and Operation4.4.1 Structure and Responsibility4.4.2 Training Awareness and Competence4.4.3 Communications4.4.4 EMS Documentation4.4.5 Document Control4.4.6 Operation Control4.4.7 Emergency Planning and Response4.5 Checking and Corrective Action4.5.1 Monitoring and Measurement4.5.2 Nonconformance, Corrective, and Preventive Action4.5.3 Records4.5.4 EMS Audit4.6 Management ReviewWithin these 17 sub-elements are all of the requirements, or “shells”, necessary toConform to ISO 14001. Recognizing the requirements. As a matter of fact, no auditor should embark on an auditbelow we briefly summarize the key points of the sub-elements. during an audit.Detailed Section by Section Summary4.2 PolicyISO 14001 requires that the organization have a policy statement to drive the EMS.There is no expectation that specific details be noted in the policy. prevention of pollution”. The policy must be clearly endorsed by top management andbe available to the public and employees. awareness is more proactive. Section 4.2 of ISO 14001 lists the other requirements of thepolicy.4.3.1 Environmental AspectsThis element requires a procedure that not only identifies the aspects and impacts, butISO 14001 does not prescribe what aspects should be significant, or even how todetermine significance. However, it is expected the organization will develop a4.3.2 Legal and Other RequirementsThis is a requirement for a procedure that explains how the organization obtainsinformation regarding its legal and other requirements, and makes that informationknown to key functions. This is not the assessment or compliance audit requirement, butrather a more up front determination of requirements.4.3.3 Objectives and TargetsThere is no requirement for a procedure in this element, only that objectives and targetsbe documented. Objectives, such as legal requirements and prevention of pollution. easiest to develop a procedure anyway for this element to be able to verify these4.3.4 Environmental Management Programs (EMP)EMPs are the detailed plans and programs explaining how the objectives and targets willbe accomplished. These EMPs usually note responsible personnel, milestones and dates,and measurements of success. Noting monitoring and measurement parameters directlyin the EMP facilitates conforming to 4.5.1 on Monitoring and Measurement discussed4.4.1 Structure and ResponsibilityISO 14001 requires that the relevant management and accountability structure be definedin this element. organization must denote the Management Representative who is responsible to overseethe EMS and report to management on its operation.4.4.2 Training Awareness and CompetenceThe key point in this element is that personnel must receive applicable training regardingthe EMS. Specific requirements are itemized in ISO 14001, and include general,company-wide items such as knowing the policy, to more function-specific training onaspects and emergency response. An organization usually responds to this element with atraining matrix, cross-referencing to training materials and records.4.4.3 CommunicationsProcedures are required for both internal and external communications. Note that ISOdegree of openness and disclosure of information. Whatever the decision in terms ofdisclosure, that decision process must be recorded.4.4.4 EMS DocumentationThis requirement is simply that the organization has documented the system in eitherelectronic or paper form such that it addresses the elements of the standard and providesdirection to related documentation. Not all ISO 14001-required procedures need to bedocumented, as long as the system requirements can be verified.4.4.5 Document Control.Procedures are required to control documents, such as system procedures and workinstructions, and to ensure that current versions are distributed and obsolete versions areremoved from the system.4.4.6 Operational ControlThis element is the one which connects the EMS with the organization as a whole. the critical functions related to significant aspects and objectives and targets are identifiedand procedures and work instructions created to ensure proper execution of activities.Requirements for communicating applicable system requirements to contractors are alsoaddressed.4.4.7 Emergency Planning and ResponseAlthough typically addressed through conventional emergency response plans, thiselement also requires that a process exist for identifying the potential emergencies, inaddition to planning and mitigating them. impacts are assessed, is appropriate. 4.5.1 Monitoring and MeasurementProcedures are required describing how the organization will monitor and measure keyparameters of operations. These parameters relate to the significant aspects, objectivesand targets and legal and regulatory compliance. In order to properly manage the system,Responses tothis element usually cross reference to many other specific procedures and workinstructions describing measurement and equipment calibration. 4.5.2 Nonconformance, Corrective, and Preventive ActionThis element requires procedures for acting on nonconformances identified in the system,including corrective and preventive action. audits, monitoring and measurement, and communications. system flaws. Typically, Corrective Action Report (CAR) forms are the norm, noting thenonconformance, the suggested fix, and closure of the action when completed. Note thatthis requirement does not imply in any way that the party identifying the nonconformance4.5.3 RecordsRecords are expected to exist to serve as verification of the system operating. Forexample, records include audit reports and training records. Unlike controlleddocuments, records are “once and done” documents, resulting from the execution of someprocess or procedure. Procedures in this element are required for the maintenance ofrecords.4.5.4 EMS AuditsISO 14001 requires that the system provide for internal audits. This procedures(s) willinclude methodologies, schedules, and processes to conduct the audits. Interestingly, theEMS audit will in essence, audit the audit process itself!4.6 Management ReviewThis element requires that periodically, top management will review the EMS to ensure itis operating as planned. If not, resources must be provided for corrective action. Forprovide for improvement programs. element, although records of agendas, attendance, and agreed upon action items aremaintained as verification
readmore»
Sunday, April 4, 2010
Air Pollution
Every day, the average person inhales about 20,000 liters of air. Air pollution includes all contaminants found in the atmosphere. Air pollution can be found both outdoors and indoors. Pollutants can be trapped inside buildings, causing indoor pollution that lasts for a long time.
The sources of air pollution are both natural and human-based. Air pollution has been a problem throughout history. Even in Ancient Rome people complained about smoke put into the atmosphere.
The effects of air pollution are diverse and numerous. Air pollution can have serious consequences for the health of human beings, and also severely affects natural ecosystems.
Because it is located in the atmosphere, air pollution is able to travel easily. As a result, air pollution is a global problem and has been the subject of global cooperation and conflict.
Some areas now suffer more than others from air pollution. Cities with large numbers of automobiles or those that use great quantities of coal often suffer most severely from problems of air pollution.
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The sources of air pollution are both natural and human-based. Air pollution has been a problem throughout history. Even in Ancient Rome people complained about smoke put into the atmosphere.
The effects of air pollution are diverse and numerous. Air pollution can have serious consequences for the health of human beings, and also severely affects natural ecosystems.
Because it is located in the atmosphere, air pollution is able to travel easily. As a result, air pollution is a global problem and has been the subject of global cooperation and conflict.
Some areas now suffer more than others from air pollution. Cities with large numbers of automobiles or those that use great quantities of coal often suffer most severely from problems of air pollution.
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Air Pollution levels measured in Egypt
EEAA/EIMP operates presently about 40 Measurement sites for air pollution in Egypt. Measurements
have occasionally recorded air pollution levels
exceeding the Air Quality Limit values as given by
Environmental Law no. 4 for Egypt. Cairo area also during the Autumn 1999 experienced
several air pollution episodes with air pollution
levels reaching very high concentrations due
different sources and adverse weather conditions
The air pollution problem in Egypt
The main air pollution problem in Egypt is the level of suspended particles.Particles in ambient air are measured as.
♦ Total suspended particles (TSP),
♦ Particles less than 10 micrometer in diameter (PM10),
♦ Black smoke (BS, soot) and
♦ Dust fall.
The measured concentrations often ranged from 6 to 8 times the Air Quality Environmental Law no. 4 for Egypt. It should be noted that the natural background level of dust in the atmosphere
higher than the Air Quality Limit level, due to the dry climate, windy conditions with re- uspended dust and large surrounding dessert areas. exceed AQL levels in urban areas and
close to industrial sources. The levels of NO2 seldom exceeded the AQL sources for pollution in urban areas.
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have occasionally recorded air pollution levels
exceeding the Air Quality Limit values as given by
Environmental Law no. 4 for Egypt. Cairo area also during the Autumn 1999 experienced
several air pollution episodes with air pollution
levels reaching very high concentrations due
different sources and adverse weather conditions
The air pollution problem in Egypt
The main air pollution problem in Egypt is the level of suspended particles.Particles in ambient air are measured as.
♦ Total suspended particles (TSP),
♦ Particles less than 10 micrometer in diameter (PM10),
♦ Black smoke (BS, soot) and
♦ Dust fall.
The measured concentrations often ranged from 6 to 8 times the Air Quality Environmental Law no. 4 for Egypt. It should be noted that the natural background level of dust in the atmosphere
higher than the Air Quality Limit level, due to the dry climate, windy conditions with re- uspended dust and large surrounding dessert areas. exceed AQL levels in urban areas and
close to industrial sources. The levels of NO2 seldom exceeded the AQL sources for pollution in urban areas.
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Environmental management systems - Requirements with guidance for use
This International Standard specifies requirements for an environmental management system, to enable an organization to develop a policy and objectives taking into account legal requirements and information about significant environmental aspects. It applies to those environmental aspects which the organization can control and those which It can influence.
This International Standard is applicable to any organization that wishes to:
a) implement, maintain and improve an environmental management system;
- seeking certification/registration of its environmental management system by an external organization.
All the requirements in this International Standard are intended to be incorporated into any environmental management system. 2 Normative references
Terms and definitions
continual improvement
recurring process of enhancing the environmental management system (3.6) in order to achieve improvements in overall environmental performance (3.9) consistent with the organization’s (3.13) environmental policy (3.10)
document environment
environmental aspect
NOTE A significant environmental aspect has or can have a significant environmental impact (3.6).
environmental impact
any change to the environment (3.3), whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partially resulting from an organization’s (3.13) environmental aspects (3.4)
3.7
environmental management system
part of an organization’s (3.13) management system used to develop and implement its environmental policy (3.10) and manage its interaction(s) with the environment (3.3)
achieve those objectives
NOTE 2 A management system includes organizational structure, planning activities, responsibilities, practices, procedures (3.15), processes and resources
3.8
environmental management system audit
systematic, independent and documented process for obtaining audit evidence and evaluating it objectively to determine the extent to which the environmental management system) audit criteria set by the organization
environmental objective
overall environmental goal, consistent with the environmental policy (3.10), that an organization (3.13) sets itself to achieve
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This International Standard is applicable to any organization that wishes to:
a) implement, maintain and improve an environmental management system;
- seeking certification/registration of its environmental management system by an external organization.
All the requirements in this International Standard are intended to be incorporated into any environmental management system. 2 Normative references
Terms and definitions
continual improvement
recurring process of enhancing the environmental management system (3.6) in order to achieve improvements in overall environmental performance (3.9) consistent with the organization’s (3.13) environmental policy (3.10)
document environment
environmental aspect
NOTE A significant environmental aspect has or can have a significant environmental impact (3.6).
environmental impact
any change to the environment (3.3), whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partially resulting from an organization’s (3.13) environmental aspects (3.4)
3.7
environmental management system
part of an organization’s (3.13) management system used to develop and implement its environmental policy (3.10) and manage its interaction(s) with the environment (3.3)
achieve those objectives
NOTE 2 A management system includes organizational structure, planning activities, responsibilities, practices, procedures (3.15), processes and resources
3.8
environmental management system audit
systematic, independent and documented process for obtaining audit evidence and evaluating it objectively to determine the extent to which the environmental management system) audit criteria set by the organization
environmental objective
overall environmental goal, consistent with the environmental policy (3.10), that an organization (3.13) sets itself to achieve
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